| Hatch pattern | Description |
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Acid/Felsic Intrusive
(AI) Any intrusive igneous rock >66 wt.% silica |
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Acid/Felsic Volcanic
(AV) Any extrusive igneous rock >66 wt.% silica |
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Alluvium
(AL) Alluvial deposit (product of river or stream action). |
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Andesite
(AN) A basic extrusive igneous rock >65% plagioclase, <20% quartz. |
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Basalt
(BS) An intermediate extrusive igneous rock >65% plagioclase, <20% quartz. |
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Basement Undifferentiated
(BU) Highly folded metamorphic or igneous rocks, overlain by relatively undeformed sedimentary rocks; non-prospective rocks below prospective strata. |
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Basic/Mafic Intrusive
(BI) Any intrusive igneous rock 45-52 wt.% silica |
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Basic/Mafic Volcanic
(BV) Any extrusive igneous rock 45-52 wt.% silica |
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Boulders
(BO) Majority of particles are greater than 200 mm |
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Breccia
(BR) Sedimentary rock mostly composed of angular clasts greater than 2 mm. |
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Brown Coal
(BC) (Europe) A low-rank coal which is brown or brownish-black, but rarely black. It commonly retains the structures of the original wood. It is high in moisture, low in heat value, and cracks badly upon drying; contains between 10% and 20% water; range from lignite to subbituminous in rank. |
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Calcite
(CA) Usually white but can also be colourless, grey, red, green, blue, yellow, brown, orange. White streak, vitreous lustre. Perfect rhombohedral cleavage. Low Mohs hardness (3). Dissolves in cold dilute HCl. |
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Calcrete
(CC) (syn: caliche) Carbonate horizon formed in a soil in a semi-arid region by the precipitation of CaCO3 carried in solution, develops over several thousand years with initial stages being nodular, and mature stages massive to laminar. |
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Carbonaceous Claystone
(XC) Sedimentary rock mostly composed of individual grains or clasts less than 0.002 mm. Carbonaceous is an adjective to describe any sedimentary rock that does not have a black streak (streak can be any colour) when scratched with a metal tool, but has coal inclusions; a rock that is >75% ash. |
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Carbonaceous Mudstone
(XM) Intermediary between claystone and siltstone; any sedimentary rock mostly composed of particles less than 0.02 mm. Carbonaceous is an adjective to describe any sedimentary rock that does not have a black streak (streak can be any colour) when scratched with a metal tool, but has coal inclusions; a rock that is >75% ash. |
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Carbonaceous Sandstone
(XS) Sedimentary rock mostly composed of individual grains or clasts between 0.06 and 2 mm. Carbonaceous is an adjective to describe any sedimentary rock that does not have a black streak (streak can be any colour) when scratched with a metal tool, but has coal inclusions; a rock that is >75% ash. |
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Carbonaceous Shale
(XH) Any mudrock that shows fissility. Carbonaceous is an adjective to describe any sedimentary rock that does not have a black streak (streak can be any colour) when scratched with a metal tool, but has coal inclusions; a rock that is >75% ash. |
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Carbonaceous Siltstone
(XT) Sedimentary rock mostly composed of individual grains or clasts between 0.002 and 0.02 mm. Carbonaceous is an adjective to describe any sedimentary rock that does not have a black streak (streak can be any colour) when scratched with a metal tool, but has coal inclusions; a rock that is >75% ash. |
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Carbonate
(CB) Sedimentary rocks composed of >95% calcite or dolomite. |
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Chalk
(CK) Porous, fine grained sedimentary rock composed predominantly of the calcareous skeletons of micro organisms. |
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Chert
(CH) Chalcedonic nodules or irregular masses that occur in a sedimentary environment, often in association with black shales and spillites. |
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Clay
(CL) Majority of particles are less than 0.002 mm |
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Claystone
(CS) Sedimentary rock mostly composed of individual grains or clasts less than 0.002 mm. |
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Coal
(CO) Carbon rich mineral deposit formed from the accumulation of organic matter and containing less than 50% ash yield on combustion; coal streaks brown (low rank) to black (high rank) when scratched with a metal tool. |
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Coaly Claystone
(ZC) Sedimentary rock mostly composed of individual grains or clasts less than 0.002 mm. Coaly is an adjective to describe any sedimentary rock that does not have a black streak (streak is usually dark grey to brown) when scratched with a metal tool, but is dark grey to black with coal inclusions; a rock that is between 50-75% ash. |
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Coaly Mudstone
(ZM) Intermediary between claystone and siltstone; any sedimentary rock mostly composed of particles less than 0.02 mm. Coaly is an adjective to describe any sedimentary rock that does not have a black streak (streak is usually dark grey to brown) when scratched with a metal tool, but is dark grey to black with coal inclusions; a rock that is between 50-75% ash. |
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Coaly Sandstone
(ZS) Sedimentary rock mostly composed of individual grains or clasts between 0.06 and 2 mm. Coaly is an adjective to describe any sedimentary rock that does not have a black streak (streak is usually dark grey to brown) when scratched with a metal tool, but is dark grey to black with coal inclusions; a rock that is between 50-75% ash. |
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Coaly Shale
(ZH) Any mudrock that shows fissility. Coaly is an adjective to describe any sedimentary rock that does not have a black streak (streak is usually dark grey to brown) when scratched with a metal tool, but is dark grey to black with coal inclusions; a rock that is between 50-75% ash. |
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Coaly Siltstone
(ZT) Intermediary between claystone and siltstone; any sedimentary rock mostly composed of particles less than 0.02 mm. Coaly is an adjective to describe any sedimentary rock that does not have a black streak (streak is usually dark grey to brown) when scratched with a metal tool, but is dark grey to black with coal inclusions; a rock that is between 50-75% ash. |
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Cobbles
(OB) Majority of particles are between 60 and 200 mm |
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Colluvium
(CV) Weathered rock debris that has moved downhill via creep or surface wash. |
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Cone in Cone Carbonate
(KK) A secondary structure occurring in marls, limestone, ironstones, coals, etc. It is a succession of small cones of approx. the same size one within another and sharing a common axis. |
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Conglomerate
(CG) Sedimentary rock mostly composed of subrounded, subangular, and rounded clasts greater than 2 mm. |
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Conglomerate (35-65% matrix)
(M2) A rock with clasts >2mm in a finer grained matrix which comprises 35-65%. |
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Conglomerate (<35% matrix)
(M3) A rock with clasts >2mm in a finer grained matrix which comprises <35%. |
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Conglomerate (>65% matrix)
(M1) A rock with clasts >2mm in a finer grained matrix which comprises >65%. |
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Core Loss
(KL) No core recovered for a section |
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Diamictite
(DI) A type of lithified, matrix supported sedimentary rock that consists of a wide range of unsorted to poorly sorted sediment, such as sand or larger sized particles suspended in a mud matrix. |
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Diatomaceous Earth
(DE) Deposit consisting of diatoms (unicellular algae that can be single, colonial, or filamentous). |
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Dolerite
(DO) Medium grained basalt/gabbro. |
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Dolomite
(DM) (syn: dolostone) A sedimentary rock composed of >90% dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2, (CaFe(CO3)2, (CaMn(CO3)2). |
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Fault Breccia
(FB) The assemblage of angular fragments resulting from the crushing, shattering, or shearing of rocks during movement on a fault; a friction breccia. It is distinguished by its cross-cutting relations, by the presence of fault gouge, and by blocks with slickensides; angular to subangular fragments of crushed rock, up to several meters in size, filling a fault. |
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Ferricrete
(FK) Deposit which can develop into a hardened mass of sesquioxides of iron, especially in subtropical zones. |
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Fill/Spoil
(FI) Any unconsolidated material that has been deposited by equipment or other human activity. |
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Fireclay
(FC) (syn: underclay) A layer of fine-grained (usually clay) lying immediately below a coal seam, the soil in which the coal forming plants were rooted; often siliceous or aluminous; a clay that can withstand high heat without deforming or disintegrating, i.e. kaolin. |
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Fossil Wood
(FW) Silicified wood; wood that has turned into a rock through fossilization. |
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Gabbro
(GB) An intrusive igneous rock composed of plagioclase and pyroxenes. |
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Gneiss
(GN) A metamorphic rock displaying gneissose structure (layered/banded generally with dark minerals and felsics). |
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Granite
(GR) An intrusive igneous rock >20% quartz, <65% plagioclase, >10% alkali feldspar (normalized). |
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Granodiorite
(GD) An intrusive igneous rock >20% quartz, 65-90% plagioclase (normalized). |
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Gravel
(GV) Majority of particles are between 2 and 60 mm |
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Igneous Rock, undifferentiated
(IG) Any igneous rock. |
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Intermediate Intrusive
(II) Any intrusive igneous rock 52-66 wt.% silica |
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Intermediate Volcanic
(IV) Any extrusive igneous rock 52-66 wt.% silica |
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Intrusive Rock, undifferentiated
(IN) Any intrusive igneous rock, e.g. granitoids and gabbros. |
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Ironstone
(IS) Iron rich sedimentary rock. |
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Kaolinite
(KA) (syn: dickite, nacrite, kaolin) A group of clay minerals belonging to the 1:1 group of phyllosilicates which represent the final product from the chemical weathering of feldspars including low temperature hydrothermal reactions; a rock predominately composed of kaolin minerals. |
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Laterite
(LA) Weathering product of rock composed of hydrated iron and aluminium oxides and hydroxides, clay minerals, and some silica, formed in humid, tropical areas. |
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Lignite
(LG) (USA)~70% carbon, high moisture and volatile content, between peat and bituminous coal in rank; a type of brown coal; contains at least 20% water. |
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Limestone
(LS) Sedimentary rocks composed of calcite or dolomite. |
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Limonite
(LI) Secondary weathering mineral from iron, may accumulate to give an iron rich deposit. |
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Loam
(LO) Any soil that is a mix of sand, silt, and clay, without a majority of any grain size. |
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Metamorphic Rock, undifferentiated
(MM) Any metamorphic rock. |
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Missing Record
(MR) No lithology available from historical record |
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Mud
(MD) A mixture of silt and clay primarily mixed with water, can contain particles of other dimensions such as sand. |
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Mudstone
(MS) Intermediary between claystone and siltstone; any sedimentary rock mostly composed of particles less than 0.02 mm. |
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Mylonite
(MY) A metamorphic rock formed by ductile deformation resulting in a fine-grained, dense, hard rock. |
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No Recovery
(NR) No returns from drilling |
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Non Coal
(NC) Not coal, including overburden and interburden |
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Not Logged
(NL) Drilled but not logged |
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Oil Shale
(OS) Any fine grained sedimentary rock that produces substantial quantities of oil when heated. |
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Old Workings
(OW) Void caused by mining |
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Peat
(PE) Unconsolidated but partially compacted accumulation of plant remains in varying states of decomposition, consisting of high moisture and volatile matter content, and ~60% carbon (dry ash free); the precursor to coal. |
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Pellet Claystone
(PC) (syn: kaolinite clayrock, flint clay) A distinctive rock made up of light grey and/or light brown claystone clasts set in a darker, often carbonaceous matrix. Pellets and matrix consist primarily of well crystallised kaolinite. |
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Phyllite
(PH) A metamorphic rock displaying schistosity in which very fine phyllosilicates impart a silky sheen to the foliation surface. |
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Pyrite
(PY) Pale brass-yellow, tarnishes darker and iridescent. Crystals are usually cubic, faces may be striated, but also frequently octahedral and pyritohedron. Often inter-grown, massive, radiated, granular, globular and stalactitic. Very hard (6-6.5). Metallic lustre. Paramagnetic. Metallic glistening lustre. |
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Quartz
(QZ) Colourless/White. No cleavage. Very hard (7). Occurs as drusy, fine-grained to microcrystalline, massive crystals. Conchoidal fracturing. Transparent to nearly opaque. Vitreous lustre but can also be observed as waxy-dull when massive. |
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Quartzite
(QT) A metamorphic rock composed predominately of quartz. |
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Rhyolite
(RH) An acidic extrusive igneous rock >20% quartz, <65% plagioclase. |
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Sand
(SA) Majority of particles are between 0.06 and 2 mm |
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Sandstone
(SS) Sedimentary rock mostly composed of individual grains or clasts between 0.06 and 2 mm. |
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Schist
(SZ) A metamorphic rock displaying schistosity in which inequant minerals show a preferred orientation. |
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Sedimentary Rock, undifferentiated
(SU) Any sedimentary rock. |
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Shale
(SH) Any mudrock that shows fissility. |
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Siderite
(SD) A carbonate mineral of iron, sometimes of importance as an ore. Crystals typically found as brown to tan rhombohedrons in clusters, faces often curved or composites; more often found as medium to dark brown massive fine grained material or as massive crystalline material with exposed curved cleavage surfaces. Relatively hard (3.75-4.25). Vitreous or silky to pearly lustre. Translucent to subtranslucent. Most often found in bedded sedimentary deposits with a biological component, with shales, clays and coal beds. |
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Silcrete
(SC) Deposit which can develop into a hardened mass of silica, especially in subtropical zones. |
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Silt
(SI) Majority of particles are between 0.002 and 0.06 mm |
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Siltstone
(ST) Sedimentary rock mostly composed of individual grains or clasts between 0.002 and 0.02 mm. |
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Slate
(SL) A very fine grained metamorphic rock with well developed cleavage, cleavage surfaces are dull. |
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Soil
(SO) Natural unconsolidated mineral and organic matter occurring above bedrock on the surface of the Earth; any loose, soft, deformable material. |
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Talc
(TA) Light to dark green, brown, white in colour. Almost always in foliated masses, rarely platey to pyramidal crystals. Very soft (1). Waxlike or pearly lustre. Translucent. White to very pearly green streak. Usually found in metamorphic rocks with abundant carbonate minerals associated. |
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Tar Sand
(TS) (syn: oil sand) Oil reservoir where the volatiles have escaped and the rock has become impregnated with hydrocarbon residue. |
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Tillite
(TI) A sedimentary rock formed from glacial debris. |
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Tonstein
(TN) A compact kaolinite and or smectite rich mudstone which develops as a palaeosol and is frequently found as thin bands within or near coal seams; laterally extensive occurrences are believed to be a product of weathered volcanic ash. |
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Tuff
(TF) A sedimentary or igneous rock made of igneous fragments < 2 mm (ash) deposited by pyroclastic or water processes. |
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Tuffite
(TT) A tuff containing 75% to 25% pyroclastic material |
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Void
(VD) Empty space other than old workings |
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Volcanic Breccia
(VB) A rock made up of pyroclastic fragments that are at least 64 millimeters in diameter. |
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Volcanic Rock, undifferentiated
(VR) Any extrusive igneous rock, e.g. rhyolite, andesite, basalts. |